Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The Group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are addressed as follows:

The carrying amount of goodwill is tested annually for impairment in accordance with the stated accounting policy. The recoverable amount of the CGUs has been determined based on value-in-use calculation, being the net present value of the discounted cash flows of the CGU. Details of the main assumptions applied in determining the net present value of the CGU are provided in Note 8 in these Annual Financial Statements.

The Group reviews and tests the carrying value of assets when events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Assets are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of cash flows of other assets. If there are indications that impairment may have occurred, estimates are prepared of expected future cash flows for each group of assets. Expected future cash flows used to determine the value in use of tangible assets are inherently uncertain and could materially change over time. They are significantly affected by a number of factors.

The carrying amount of tangible and intangible assets at 30 June 2021 was R698 million (June 2020: R487 million) and R2 783 million (June 2020: R2 695 million) respectively.

In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated).

The assessment is reviewed annually and if a significant event or a significant change in circumstances occurs which affects this assessment and that is within the control of the lessee.

For further details and main assumptions please refer to Note 7.3 in these Annual Financial Statements.

The deferred tax assets include an amount of R10.7 million which relates to carried forward tax losses. Some companies have incurred losses over the past financial years but management has concluded that the deferred tax assets will be recoverable using the estimated future taxable income based on the approved business plans and budgets for these companies.

The assessed losses brought forward for these companies are expected to be utilised on an annual basis going forward. This is due to the expectation they will be generating taxable profits in the foreseeable future. The losses can be carried forward indefinitely and have no expiry date.

By their nature, contingencies will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The assessment of such contingencies inherently involves the exercise of significant judgement and estimates of the outcome of future events as disclosed in Note 31.

When AfroCentric Investment Corporation Limited acquired AfroCentric Health Limited (AHL), AHL had an at acquisition contingent liability to the value of R83.5 million. The directors estimated the fair value of the contingent liability to be R8.35 million, and recognised an at-acquisition liability in line with IFRS 3 Business Combinations.

The fair value was determined by using the maximum loss and the potential impact of this liability materialising at the date of acquisition.

The litigation liability is included in the Other liabilities amount disclosed in the Non-current liabilities section on the face of the statement of financial position on consolidated and separate statements of financial position.

The Group has historically had high-quality debtors and an impeccable repayment history. As a result there isn’t a general provision model applicable to the Group.

The ECL for trade receivable for segments with a history of provisions of credit losses has been calculated using a Provision Matrix approach and Time Value of Money loss approach for segments with no history of credit losses.

Provision matrix

Provision matrix calculates the cash flows and then discounts those cash flows to calculate the real outstanding debtors (the outstanding debtors taking into account time value of money by subtracting the discounted cash flows from the initial outstanding debtors).

The roll rates, loss rates and ultimate loss rate are calculated which will be the percentage of trade receivables as at year-end that are written off.

Time value of money

The debtors whose expected credit losses are calculated using the time value of money are those that have not been previously or historically written off due to the fact that they are slow payers. The expected credit losses are therefore limited to the effects of the time value of money due to slow paying (the opportunity cost of delayed payments).

Therefore, this is based on the premise that all debtors will be collected, the time value of money loss is the ultimate IFRS 9 impairment, and there is no credit loss.

Time value of money loss is calculated as (cash flows less discounted cash flows)÷cash flows.

The carrying amount of internally generated software is tested annually for impairment. The recoverable amount of the cashgenerating units (“CGU”) has been determined based on the value-in-use calculation, being the net present value of the discounted cash flows of the CGU. The main assumptions applied in determining the net present value are:

• the estimated revenues to be earned from the use of the assets and the period over which those revenues are projected;
• the weighted average cost of capital; and
• risk adjustment factors used in deriving an appropriate discount rate applied to future estimated cash flows.

Activo Health Proprietary Limited, Pharmacy Direct Proprietary Limited and Curasana Wholesaler Proprietary Limited individually controls its respective inventory before it is sold to a customer.

The main assumptions used in determining the reserve are:

• The run-off of claims is determined by using the same period in the prior year as a basis for calculating the run-off percentage.
• Utilising the same period in the prior year as a basis of calculation is deemed appropriate as the prior year would already be fully run-off.
• At year-end, management investigates the claims trend and re-performs the forecast. The amended forecast is used to compare to the actuals to determine a more accurate seasonality reserve.